Well, I have thought about the distinction I made between policies and politics. Of course it is not possible to separate them radically. This is because if you want to realize a policy you need some kind of power in order to do that, so you need to get involved with politics too. So they are not completely independent, it seems they are related in some way.
Immanuel Kant in his 1785 essay Von der Unrechtmäßigkeit des Büchernachdrucks distinguishes the physical from the ideational, the thought involved from the book. This distinction is of critical import to the near constant wrangling between publishers, other intermediaries, and the original, creative authors. A copyright covers the expression of an idea, not the idea itself — this is called the idea/expression or fact/expression dichotomy. For example, if a writer has a general concept or idea for a television program, a copyright of that “idea” does not prohibit other writers from creating the same general idea for a project. However, if the writer develops the idea to a point of detailed and specific aspects and storylines of the show, then that specific expression of the idea is copyrighted. Many writers will seek electronic proof-of-creation for their developed ideas using the Writers Guild, or CreatorsVault.com online registries. Once a writer secures their copyright or registration with one of these services, they must then take care to track all exposure with documentation, either via fax, certified mail, or electronic proof of submission. Another example could be if a book is written describing a new way to organize books in a library, a copyright does not prohibit a reader from freely using and describing that concept to others; it is only the particular expression of that process as originally described that is covered by copyright. One might be able to obtain a patent for the method, but that is a different area of law. Compilations of facts or data may also be copyrighted, but such a copyright is thin; it only applies to the particular selection and arrangement of the included items, not to the particular items themselves. In some jurisdictions the contents of databases are expressly covered by statute. In some cases, ideas may be capable of intelligible expression in only one or a limited number of ways. Therefore even the expression in these circumstances is not covered. In the United States this is known as the merger doctrine, because the expression is considered to be inextricably merged with the idea. Merger is often pleaded as an affirmative defense to charges of infringement. That doctrine is not necessarily accepted in other jurisdictions.This is quite an interesting point, and it is related to a really interesting philosophical problem, the problem of the status of ideas, a problem that Popper discuss mainly, but not only, in his Objective Knowledge, one of the book I was aimed to discuss here! When I read about the dichotomy I though, “Well, I can start with my survey of Popper’s operas!”. However I want to look more carefully at the problem before actually starting writing something. Because the server that hosts my web site is in the USA, I looked at the entry about copyright in the USA on Wikipedia, and because I am also an European AND Italian citizen I looked the entries about the copyright in the EU and Italy too. I discovered that in Italy there is not such a concept as the idea/expression dichotomy but it is not clear to me which kind of restrictions are enforced in Europe and in Italy to educational material (even if I am not sure what I write can be considered an educational material, it is not a commercial one, that I am sure…). At the end of this morning I am really confused about copyright, even if I perfectly understand what is a graph cartesian product… but in my peregrination I found an interesting section of wikipedia I didn’t know: wikiquotes. It seems all this quotation are free and you we can use them freely__ they are available under the GNU Free Documentation License (see here the page of wikipedia its self copyright). So let’s end which a quotation:
If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea, which an individual may exclusively possess as long as he keeps it to himself; but the moment it is divulged, it forces itself into the possession of everyone, and the receiver cannot dispossess himself of it. Its peculiar character, too, is that no one possesses the less, because every other possesses the whole of it. He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me. That ideas should freely spread from one to another over the globe, for the moral and mutual instruction of man, and improvement of his condition, seems to have been peculiarly and benevolently designed by nature, when she made them, like fire, expansible over all space, without lessening their density at any point, and like the air in which we breathe, move, and have our physical being, incapable of confinement or exclusive appropriation. Inventions then cannot, in nature, be a subject of property. Thomas Jefferson (1813-08-13). Letter to Isaac McPherson
I noted here two videos which are part of the USA Democrats political campaign. I completely disagree with this way of campaigning. I don’t blame at the two Democrats candidate for this anyway, because i think they are not the root of the problem, they are just two example of the problem.
I think the problem is that our society stresses too much the role of politics against that of policies.
On the online version of the Longman Dictionary of Comtemporary English, you can find the following descriptions of the uses of the words “politics” and “policies” (I cut the original examples):
pol.i.tics 1 [U also + plural verb British English] ideas and activities relating to gaining and using power in a country, city etc 2 [uncountable] the profession of being a politician 3 [plural] the activities of people who are concerned with gaining personal advantage within a group, organization etc 4 [plural] someone’s political beliefs and opinions: 5 [uncountable] especially British English, the study of political power and systems of government [= political science]
pol.i.cy plural policies 1 [uncountable and countable] a way of doing something that has been officially agreed and chosen by a political party, business, or other organization 2 [countable]BFI a contract with an insurance company, or an official written statement giving all the details of such a contract 3 [countable] a particular principle that you believe in and that influences the way you behave it is somebody’s policy to do somethingHow you can see, there are some overlaps between them, but it is quite clear that they points to two different things, the first one related with the gaining and maintenance of power, the second with what we can call rules or conventions. This distinction is peculiar of English, it doesn’t exist in Italian and as far as I know it doesn’t exist even in Chinese. I guess if it exists in other languages.
So, English speaking people are lucky, because their common sense has already registered such two different conceptions and they have two different words for talking about them, us Italian people have not…
Anyway, understanding the difference is not enough, I think we need to keep it in mind and train ourselves to clearly distinguish when a text, be written or not it doesn’t matter, is talking about politics or policies.
If we look at these videos we can see clearly that the concern of their authors is merely politics. Behind this videos there is a view of seeing: “There is an electoral body. This electoral body can be reduced to some groups. I chose one of these group as a target and focus on it. I repeat the name of the candidate continuously trying to make the people of the targeted group feeling linked to the candidate”, and so on.
This is a political vision which is merely concerned with politics, with the gaining of power. There is a battle field, the so called electoral body, and there is a struggle, a struggle for conquering that battle field. However as on battle fields after the battle lays rotten bodies, in politics after the struggle what remains are just rotten policies. Policies are what really matter, because policies are really something the citizen can be interested in, but politicians seem to forget this quite too often.
Politicians too often just use people as targets for winning their battle instead of focusing on real problems of real citizens, trying to find political solutions to those problems. Look at the videos, there is nothing about the two candidate policies, nothing about real political substance, nothing actually “eatable” by an actual citizen.